How smartphones make us superhuman

Mobile technology, the so-called "fifth wave of computing," is revolutionizing how we communicate.



STORY HIGHLIGHTS

• Mobile phones have become human "appendages" or "phantom limbs"
  
• They connect us to each other in ways previously unimaginable
  
• Survey finds 68% of people sleep with their phones at bedside
  
• Modern phones pack "more computing power than Apollo 11," essayist says
  

Editor's note: This story kicks off an in-depth CNN series, "Our Mobile Society," about how smartphones and tablets have changed the way we live.

(CNN) -- Both men lit themselves on fire in protest. But only one of them is credited with starting a revolution.

The difference between the two? Mobile phones recorded Mohamed Bouazizi,
a Tunisian fruit vendor, as he set himself ablaze in despair over his
economic plight. Those videos kicked off the wave of 2011 Arab Spring
demonstrations.

Abdesslem Trimech, the other man, fell into relative obscurity.

The example, cited in the book "The Mobile Wave,"
highlights just one of the many superpowers that mobile phones -- and
to a lesser extent, tablets -- have bestowed upon humanity. In addition
to enabling us to video events on a second's notice, potentially
altering the course of global politics, these high-tech human "appendages"
increasingly have become tools for fighting corruption, buying stuff,
bolstering memory, promoting politics, improving education and giving
people around the world more access to health care.





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They've shaken up our social lives, too. Forget letters and phone calls. Texts are the currency of modern conversation -- and mobile Internet searches are the way to solve disputes of fact or trivia. Dating apps search suitors by location, and mobile maps ensure we app-enabled superhumans can't get lost, as long as there's a wireless signal.

Superman could fly. Phones, it seems, help us do everything but.

At a time when new smartphones seem to hit the market every couple of days
and our faces increasingly are glued to digital screens, CNN is taking a
special look at the myriad ways mobile technology is affecting our
lives. The monthlong series is called "Our Mobile Society."

"This is the first time in the entire history of humanity that we've connected in this way," Amber Case, a "cyborg anthropologist," said in a 2010 lecture at TEDWomen.
"And it's not that machines are taking over. It's that they're helping
us to be more human. They're helping us to connect to each other. The
most successful technology gets out of the way and helps us live our
lives."

'Like a phantom limb'

Phones are so cherished -- or so depended upon -- that 68% of us sleep with them at our bedside, according to a 5,000-person global survey conducted by Qualcomm and Time,
which shares a parent company with CNN. Three-quarters of Americans
surveyed said being "constantly connected by technology" is helpful.

Some take that idea to extremes.

Michael Saylor, author
of "The Mobile Wave" and CEO of MicroStrategy, said he checks his phone
for updates at least once a minute -- "I must look at it 500 times a
day, or 1,000 times a day," he said. Almost nothing would make him put
his phone down. "If I was with the queen of England and she was
addressing me directly and it was a one-on-one conversation, then I
would probably discipline myself to not look at my phone, so as to not
show disrespect to her."

The phone, otherwise, is
just too helpful at keeping Saylor linked, constantly, to his
colleagues and friends, who send him a fire hose of instant messages and
updates.

For all the potential
benefits, however, Case and other observers of mobile culture see
negative consequences as well. Being connected digitally to everyone all
the time also can lead, somewhat surprisingly, to a sense of isolation
and loneliness.

"Teenagers tell me they
sleep with their cell phone, and even when it isn't on their person,
when it has been banished to the school locker, for instance, they know
when their phone is vibrating," MIT professor Sherry Turkle writes in the book "Alone Together: Why We Expect More From Technology and Less From Each Other."

"The technology has
become like a phantom limb, it is so much a part of them. These young
people are among the first to grow up with an expectation of continuous
connection: always on, and always on them."

Another young person,
age 13, told Turkle she doesn't like to pick up the phone, only text.
"Texting offers just the right amount of access, just the right amount
of control," the author writes. "She is a modern Goldilocks: for her,
texting puts people not too close, not too far, but at just the right
distance. The world is now full of modern Goldilockses, people who take
comfort in being in touch with a lot of people whom they also keep at
bay."

Nearly 6 billion phones

Regardless of the
effects, adoption of mobile tech seems to be going only one direction:
up. There were nearly 6 billion mobile phone subscriptions worldwide in
2011, according to the International Telecommunication Union,
a branch of the United Nations. There are 7 billion people in the
world. Some have multiple mobile contracts, but technology is clearly
widespread. And getting smarter.

Saylor, the author and CEO,
estimates 5 billion people will have smartphones in the next five
years, giving those people access to the mobile Internet and apps. The
United States already reached a tipping point this year: The majority of American phone owners now have smartphones.

These phones, such as
those running the Apple iOS and Google Android operating systems, offer
"more computing power than Apollo 11 when it landed a man on the moon," Nancy Gibbs writes for Time.

"In many parts of the
world, more people have access to a mobile device than to a toilet or
running water," she writes. "For millions, this is the first phone
they've ever had."

Gibbs and other writers
cite the astounding speed with which mobile phones have come to dominate
our lives in the decades since Martin Cooper, from Motorola, placed the first public cellular telephone call on a brick-size phone in 1973. (He called a competitor at Bell Labs, in case you're curious.)

It took years for
mobile-networking technology to develop and for cellular towers to go
up. After mobile calls became more commonplace in a few developed
countries, manufacturers added keyboards and larger screens, clearing
the way for the SMS and mobile e-mail revolutions.

By the 2000s, a host of
sensors -- from GPS, which enables mobile mapping, to accelerometers,
which helps the phone know if it's being tilted -- were being squeezed
into the gadgets. The mother of all smartphones, the Apple iPhone,
debuted in 2007 with all these accouterments.

By then, phones had
become the warehouse for technological innovation -- the Swiss Army
knives of modern living, as many authors have argued. If you include
tablets and e-readers in the mix, mobile devices have come to rival
desktop computers and laptops for their usefulness in life and business.

"The reason why mobile
technology is uniquely interesting to the world right now is because it
represents the fifth wave of computing," Saylor said, with smartphones
following Internet-enabled computing, desktops, minicomputers and early
computer mainframes on the timeline. "And technology really is about
what happens to the entire civilization of some several billion people
or more when there is useful software running on the person and in the
hand of everybody, every minute of the day."

Smartphone superpowers

There are plenty of potential superpowers these always-on mobile gadgets could give us.

One of the more futuristic, as outlined by Google this year,
is a sort of digital X-ray, or "Terminator" vision. Using
augmented-reality technology, that company and others hope to
superimpose a layer of digital information on top of the real world. A
person wearing Google's prototype of high-tech glasses, for example,
might see data about people they encounter or about deals offered inside
restaurants they pass.

Other efforts aim to empower peopleliterally to open doors or pay for coffee with a tap of their phone, and to identify themselves using NFC chips that are built into newer smartphones.

Meanwhile, schools in
rural parts of Africa that never had textbooks are incorporating
smartphones as an information source with the help of Paul Kim,
chief technology officer at Stanford University. "I know they are not
only using the technology," Kim said, "but they are getting smarter and
smarter every day."

And researchers,
including George Whitesides at Harvard University, are trying to use
mobile phones to bring medical care to remote corners of the world where
people otherwise would have to walk for a day or more to see a doctor
or nurse. Whitesides' group has been working on a paper chip that could be touched with a drop of blood and then photographed and text messaged to a clinic that could analyze it and offer a diagnosis.

Suddenly, doctors have the superhuman ability to see patients far afield.

New implementations for smartphones don't always work, of course, Stanford's Kim said.

But over time, there's
hope smartphones will be a radical, democratizing force -- particularly
as they become more affordable for everyone.

"The Agricultural
Revolution took thousands of years to run its course. The Industrial
Revolution required a few centuries. The Information Revolution,
propelled by mobile technology will likely reshape our world on the
order of decades," Saylor writes. "But despite the turbulence ahead, we
live at one of the greatest times in history. Software will suffuse the
planet, filling in every niche, and exciting opportunities will lie
everywhere."